▷ I'm planning on proposing to my boyfriend, shortly. ▷ The weeks leading up to that are, like, the most stressful, nerve-wracking. ▷ You know when you get to the point that you, like, all you can hear is, like, badum, badum, badum. ▷ He got down on one knee, and pulled this box out of his pocket, which I had no idea was there. ▷ And he's like, "I want to be with you forever." And everything went black and disappeared, and I was in this space with him, and my knees were weak. ▶ Cleo Abram - You probably know what they bought. Diamonds are the world's most popular gemstone. But if you compare them to other jewels, it's not obvious why. These are just as sparkly as a diamond. These look indistinguishable from diamonds. One of these is a man-made diamond. Scientists can now create diamonds in a lab that are structurally identical to diamonds mined from the earth. And yet, every year, people spend their savings to buy the real thing.
▷ It is the single most expensive thing that either one of us has purchased. It was the most beautiful and most significant thing ever to me. Somebody that can afford to give you nice diamond, no? It's nice. ▶ Cleo Abram - So what exactly makes these rocks so special? What is the value of a diamond? ▷ Diamonds, forged by nature and crafted by man. ▷ It may be a cliché to say that this is "rich soil," but this time, it's literally true. ▷ It's beautiful. And he designed it. ▷ Make sure it stays on that finger. ▷ Of course. ▷ It's not a purchase that's logical. It's supposed to be illogical. It's not rational. ▷ They just seem representative of these terrible things. It's like this waste of money, and we're only doing it to show other people. ▷ What do people want? How much do they want it? What are they willing to pay for it?
After three hot summer months of equally heated debate, the delegates appointed a Committee of Detail to put its decisions in writing. Near the end of the convention, a Committee of Style and Arrangement kneaded it into its final form, condensing 23 articles into seven in less than four days. On September 17, 1787, 38 delegates signed the Constitution. George Reed signed for John Dickinson of Delware, who was absent, bringing the total number of signatures to 39. It was an extraordinary achievement. Tasked with revising the existing government, the delegates came up with a completely new one. Wary about centralized power and loyal to their states, they created a powerful central government. Representing wildly different interests and views, they crafted compromises. It stands today as one of the longest-lived and most emulated constitutions in the world.
America's Founding Documents
Ratification
The founders set the terms for ratifying the Constitution. They bypassed the state legislatures, reasoning that their members would be reluctant to give up power to a national government. Instead, they called for special ratifying conventions in each state. Ratification by 9 of the 13 states enacted the new government. But at the time, only 6 of 13 states reported a pro-Constitution majority. The Federalists, who believed that a strong central government was necessary to face the nation’s challenges, needed to convert at least three states. The Anti-Federalists fought hard against the Constitution because it created a powerful central government that reminded them of the one they had just overthrown, and it lacked a bill of rights. The ratification campaign was a nail-biter. The tide turned in Massachusetts, where the “vote now, amend later” compromise helped secure victory in that state and eventually in the final holdouts. ============================================= ▶ a bill of rights : 기본적 인권에 관한 선언(권리장전) a formal declaration of the legal and civil rights of the citizens of any state, country, federation, etc Federalist : 연방제지지자
Just a few years after the Revolutionary War, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington feared their young country was on the brink of collapse. America’s first constitution, the Articles of Confederation, gave the Confederation Congress the power to make rules and request funds from the states, but it had no enforcement powers, couldn’t regulatecommerce, or print money. The states’ disputes over territory, war pensions, taxation, and trade threatened to tear the young country apart. Alexander Hamilton helped convince Congress to organize a Grand Convention of state delegates to work on revising the Articles of Confederation. ============================== ▶ the Revolutionary War - 미국독립전쟁 ▶ the Articles of Confederation - 연방 규약(1781년 북부 13주가 제정한 미국 최초의 헌법, 1789년에 현행 헌법으로 개정) ▶ Confederation Congress - 연합의회 ▶ The United States Constitutional Convention - 필라델피아 제헌회의 55 delegates attended the Constitutional Convention sessions, but only 39 actually signed the Constitution
The Constitutional Convention assembled in Philadelphia in May of 1787. The delegates shuttered the windows of the State House and swore secrecy so they could speak freely. Although they had gathered to revise the Articles of Confederation, by mid-June they had decided to completely redesign the government. There was little agreement about what form it would take. One of the fiercest arguments was over congressional representation—should it be based on population or divided equally among the states? The framerscompromised by giving each state one representative for every 30,000 people in the House of Representatives and two representatives in the Senate. They agreed to count enslaved Africans as three-fifths of a person. Slavery itself was a thorny question that threatened to derail the Union. It was temporarily resolved when the delegates agreed that the slave trade could continue until 1808. ============================== ▶ the State House : 주의사당 ▶ congressional representation : 의회대표 ▶ the House of Representatives : 하원 ▶ the Senate : 상원 ▶ the slave trade : 노예매매, 노예무역
▶ Narrator : For thousands of years, philosophers have tried to explain beauty. Aristotle said, "Beauty depends on magnitude and order." Confucius said, "I have not seen one who loves virtue as he loves beauty." Kant said, "The beautiful is that which pleases universally, without a concept." In the Renaissance, the seeds of an answer were planted when an Italian mathematician named a number the Divine Proportion in a book illustrated by Leonardo da Vinci. Mathematicians have been fixatedon this number since ancient times, because it kept coming up in geometry. In the 1800s, a German psychologist decided this number was the universal law of beauty, and today it's known in popular culture as the golden ratio, with people claiming to find it in all kinds of human masterpieces all over the world. But, there's a problem with that. ▷ Neuroscientist: When people have tried to study it directly, it's not so clear that everybody responds specifically to the golden rectangle. ================================ philosopher - 철학자 universally - 보편적으로, 일반적으로 the Divine Proportion 신의 비율 1.618 the golden ratio - 황금비율 4:3 fixate - 고정시키다, 고착시키다, fixate on - (병적으로)집착하게 하다, 주의를 집중하다
▶ Narrator: Study after study has found little evidence that people are especially drawn to rectangles with this exact proportion. We do like rectangles though. It's the best flowing configuration for images from plane to brain. As in, the fastest shape our brains can process. Pleasant to look at because it's easy on the eyes. And many scientists today believe the reason for this boils down to survival. More than 150 million years ago, dinosaurs dominated the Earth. But to understand how humans see the world, you have to look down at the dinosaur's feet. That's where our ancestors, small shrew-like mammals, spent their time and they had a pretty dimview of the world. They perceived just two colors : blue and red. They were also nocturnal to evade their better-seeing predators and constantly scanned their environment horizontally. And that may be the simple reason we make so many things in that shape today. Visual beauty is based in vision, of course, and our vision evolved because it helped us survive. When the dinosaurs went extinct, our ancestors came out into the light. And over time, their eyes developed, opening up all the colors of the rainbow we know today. And many things we're still visually drawn to are things that helped our ancestors survive. Flowers indicated that something might turn into fruit. Water sources signal the possible bounty of nourishment. And places of refuge helped us evade predators. We still like landscapes that resemble where early humans evolved. ============================================
▷ Domino Artist : A professional domino artist is someone who can set up thousands and thousands of dominoes to create structures, patterns, images. ▶ Narrator : In 2017, Steve Price led a team that build a domino display of more than 76,000 pieces. Smashing a Guinness World Record. ▷ Domino Artist : You can build flat on the ground two-dimensional, or you can also do 3-D structures like pyramids and walls and make certain sort of curves and spirals. ▶ Narrator : And his YouTube videos get millions of views. ▷ Domino Artist : The pleasure of watching the dominoes toppling just comes from knowing how much went into the project. As the viewer, you get to just watch it all fall into place. ▶ Narrator : Humans love looking at all kinds of things. Why are millions of people watching videos of cookies getting iced? Or enjoy looking at a collagemade up of 21 cutout images of pimples? Others like Gothic churches, horses, synchronized swimming, and of course, other people. Where do these preferences come from? And why is beauty something we seek at all? ============================================== make certain of - 반드시 ~을 하다, 확인하다 be made up of - ~로 구성된 cutout - (신문 따위의) 오려내기 pimple - 여드름
▷ Man A : Art is an individual creative experience. The greater the knowledge one possesses, the greater will be the experience. Many photographers owe their success tospecialization. It might be still life, babies, animals, or fashion. ▷ Man B : The Earth, I'm afraid, is in a class by itself. ▷ Man A: The placement is exact and symmetrical. Exactness in details helps in giving the final impression of perfection. ========================================== specialization - 특수화, 전문화, 전문분야
Christmas (or the Feast of the Nativity) is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world. A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is preceded by the season of Advent or the Nativity Fast and initiates the season of Christmastide, which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night; in some traditions, Christmastide includes an octave. Christmas Day is a public holiday in many of the world's nations, is celebrated religiously by a majority of Christians, as well as culturally by many non-Christians, and forms an integral part of the holiday season centered around it. ================================================= Nativity[nətɪvɪti] - 성탄(예수의 탄생) Nativity Fast - In Christianity, the Nativity Fast is a period of abstinence and penance practiced by the Eastern Orthodox Church and Catholic Church in preparation for the Nativity of Jesus on December 25. Advent[ædvent] - 재림절, 강림절(기독교에서 크리스마스전 4주간) liturgical[litə́:rdƷikəl] - 예배식의
The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, and secular themes and origins. Popular modern customs of the holiday include gift giving; completing an Advent calendar or Advent wreath; Christmas music and caroling; viewing a Nativity play; an exchange of Christmas cards; church services; a special meal; and the display of various Christmas decorations, including Christmas trees, Christmas lights, nativity scenes, garlands, wreaths, mistletoe, and holly. In addition, several closely related and often interchangeable figures, known as Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, and Christkind, are associated with bringing gifts to children during the Christmas season and have their own body of traditions and lore. Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity, the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. The economic impact of Christmas has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world. ================================================= celebratory - 기념하는 mistletoe[mɪsltoʊ] - 겨우살이(흔히 그 줄기를 크리스마스 장식에 쓰는 덩굴식물) holly[hɑli] - 호랑가시나무(잎가에 뾰족뾰족한 가시가 돋아 있고 새빨간 열매가 달리는 나무로 흔히 크리스마스 때 장식용)
It's quite a formal phrase and fairly archaic, as it is from as far back as 1300. This phrase is often used in a formal setting, especially ceremonies where speeches or introductions will take place. Ado is an old word for 'fuss or commotion.' Using this phrase is a good way of bringing the assembled audience together, stopping the hubbub, or getting the crowd to focus on events in an old fashioned but polite way.
The most famous example of its use must be Shakespeare's 'Much ado about nothing.'
[ Examples ]
Steve is very organised and friendly. When we met him last week, he introduced us all to the teamwithout further ado.
If we are all in agreement, let's sign these paperswithout further ado.
Without further ado, I'd like to introduce the new headmaster.
